This should prompt them to give you “you must not smoke.”įrom here, you can teach a selection of modal verbs, such as “have to,” “must” and “mustn’t.”Ĭreate a worksheet or PowerPoint presentation which provides a selection of signs. Then, ask your students how they could make the sentence stronger. This should elicit “you can’t smoke,” or something to that effect. If they say “no smoking,” ask them to elaborate with a full sentence. Start by showing or drawing a picture of a no-smoking sign to your class and asking them what it means. It uses real-life examples that students see around them every day, so they should have no problem picking up the grammar and putting it into context. Max’s father couldn’t work in the garage alone.This exercise is great for teaching how to use modal verbs for prohibition and obligation. Was Max able to change the tyre yesterday? Max’s father could remember changing his first tyre. Example: Max’s father could do everything in the garage. The negative couldn’t can be used in all three cases. We use was/were able to when we talk about something specific in the past. We use could for general ability and with the verbs feel, hear, see, smell, taste, remember and understand. * We use could and was/were able for the past of can. Of course, we can also use the alternative forms (except for could) in other tenses. Max’s father also was supposed to/was expected to/was to work in the garage often.

Max should work in the garage more often. To be supposed to/to be expected to/to be to Max’s father did not have to worry about his future either. Max’s father was allowed to help at the age of 13. Max can help in the garage at the age of 12. His father was not able to/couldn’t change tyres. His father was not allowed to touch anything dangerous.

We use will (not)/shall (not) when we make a predicition about the future, or when we are sure about something in the future.Įxample: The car won’t/shan’t be ready tomorrow.

To speculate about something in the past we use can’t/must + have + past participle.Įxample: Max’s father must have worked very hard. ( but not: Max’s grandfather can be retired.) We use m ust to express something we are 100% sure is true in the present.Įxample: Max’s grandfather must be retired, he’s 90 years old.We use can’t to express something we are sure is untrue or impossible in the present.Įxample: Max can’t be retired, he’s 12 years old.Example: Max’s grandfather may/might have wanted to retire when he was 50. To speculate about something in the past we use may/might (not) + have + past participle. We can replace may/might with could in positive sentences, but not with can.Įxample: Max’s father may/might/could retire soon, he is almost 60. We use may/might when we think something is perhaps true, but we are not 100% sure.Įxample: Max may/might not want to work in the garage forever.

Modal verbs exercises esl